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Iodine: Are You Deficient in This Trace Mineral?

a blue bowl filled with iodine-rich dried seaweed

If you restrict dairy, seafood, and/or eggs, you likely are not getting enough iodine and may even be deficient. Sufficient iodine intake is especially important for women of childbearing age.

Iodine is an essential trace mineral needed for optimal thyroid function. It is required to make thyroid hormones T3 and T4, which regulate growth, neurological development, metabolism, and digestive function.

Insufficient iodine intake can lead to a condition called hypothyroidism, weight gain, poor cognition, and constipation. Iodine also plays a role in estrogen metabolism and has been found to have protective effects against breast cancer and reduces cyst formation and breast tenderness.

Mild iodine deficiency is very common amongst women and individuals with dietary restrictions. Data from the US NHANES indicate that 37% of women between 18-44 years old are iodine deficient and another study found that 50% of pregnant and breastfeeding mothers were not eating enough iodine.

Eat More Iodine

Iodine is typically found in soil and seawater, and in animals who are fed iodine-rich foods. However, there are many regions of the USA that have poor iodine content, including the Pacific Northwest. Therefore, vegetables and fruit grown in the PNW, as well as grazing animals and their milks, have lower iodine content than elsewhere in the nation.

Programs have been implemented to iodize table salt in order to address this concern. However, iodine is very unstable and diminishes over time, with losses of 10-100% over a year depending on the packaging material, temperature, and humidity of the stored salt. Therefore, iodized salt is not the most reliable source of iodine. Furthermore, with the increase in processed food consumption (which does not contain iodized salt), Americans are using less iodized salt in cooking.

Dietary restrictions can further contribute to poor iodine intake. Foods rich in iodine include seafood, seaweed, and meat and dairy products from animals grazed on iodine-rich soils. If intake of the aforementioned foods is inadequate, and salt intake is reduced, iodine deficiency can occur. Vegans and vegetarians, as well as anyone on a dairy-free, or seafood- and seaweed-free diet is at an increased risk. Moreover, cruciferous vegetables and soy are considered goitrogens and can interfere with iodine. High intakes of these foods, along with a diet low in iodine, can contribute to iodine deficiency.

iodine rich foods such as dairy, seaweed, seafood, eggs, and leafy greens on a white background

Iodine needs fluctuate throughout our lives, but most adults need 150mcg per day to prevent deficiency. However, needs greatly increase for pregnant or nursing mothers, with an increase to 220mcg to 290mcg per day in pregnant and breastfeeding women. This is of great concern because the fetus and infant are entirely reliant on their mother’s intake to produce thyroid hormones. Inadequate iodine intake can also lead to neurological problems in children. Therefore, ensuring adequate iodine intake prior to, during, and after pregnancy is critical. But be cautious — too much iodine can also be of concern, leading to iodine-induced hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. It is important to work with a dietitian for individual guidance.

Iodine-rich Meals and Snacks

an iodine rich nori wrap with smoked salmon mushroom and sprouts
Nori wrap
  • Use Redmond’s Real Sea Salt in cooking for a natural source of iodine-rich sea salt.
  • Snack on organic seaweed snacks for an iodine boost.
  • Make a wrap with a nori sheet.
  • Sprinkle dulse granules on meals for a smoky flavor.
  • Enjoy quality wild-caught seafood 2-3x per week.
  • Add a kelp frond to soup stocks or bone broth while cooking.
  • Enjoy a poke bowl that includes seaweed and quality seafood.
  • If using iodized sea salt, buy a new container every month, for optimal freshness.
  • If you tolerate dairy, enjoy organic grass-fed milks or yogurts.
headshot nutritionist selva w. bellingham wa

By Selva Wohlgemuth, Co-op News Contributor

Selva Wohlgemuth is a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist and owner of Happy Belly Nutrition in Bellingham, Washington. She specializes in gut health and has an in-depth knowledge of women's health. She is an avid outdoorswoman and mother.

HOT OFF THE PRESS| NUTRITION| SPECIALITY DIET| THE CO-OP DIFFERENCE| WELLNESS ask the nutritionist| breastfeeding| hypothyroidism| iodine| iodine deficiency| nutritionist| pregnancy| seafood| seaweed| selva| supplement| thyroid| thyroid disorder| thyroid health

Ask the Nutritionist: Fruitphobia

by Selva Wohlgemuth, Co-op News contributor

May 2018
Selva Wohlgemuth, meal planning instructor

Selva Wohlgemuth, Registered Dietitian and Nutritionist

Dear Nutritionist: Now that we are moving toward the summer months, I want your opinion on fruit consumption. Is it true that since fruit is high in sugar we should limit our consumption? And does fruit consumption lead to health conditions?

Fresh seasonal fruit is so delicious! Nothing compares to a freshly picked bright-red local strawberry or, when traveling in Hawaii, a fresh papaya drizzled with lime juice. Especially in the hotter months, cooler water-rich foods like fruit are often more appealing than a hot meal.

FRUITPHOBIA

Unfortunately, with the popularity of low-carbohydrate diets many individuals are fearful of fruit. Many paleo and low-carb diet advocates recommend sticking to only small amounts of low-sugar fruits, like berries, stating that other fruits provide too much unnecessary sugar. I’ve had multiple patients in my practice that are afraid to eat more than one-half cup of berries per day.

I agree that it is important to reduce your intake of added refined sugars like high fructose corn syrup, maple syrup, honey, sugar, and other processed foods. However, this does not immediately place fruit in the same category.

Although fruit contains sugar (glucose and fructose), it is not found in the same concentration as high fructose corn syrup in sodas, pastries, pancake syrups, etc. For example, soda contains a sugar ratio of 60% fructose to 40% glucose. One 20-ounce bottle of Coke contains roughly 36 grams of fructose; compare that to a banana, which contains 7 grams of fructose, or a medium sized apple with 13 grams of fructose. When do you eat seven bananas in one sitting? Never! Plus, that banana comes in a completely different package: rich in fiber and made by nature.

You are not addicted to sugar if you enjoy fruit. Fruits are rich in easy-to-digest carbohydrates, antioxidant-rich vitamins and minerals, gut-healing fiber, and anti-inflammatory polyphenols. Plus, they are easy to throw into a bag and hit the road. If fruit is lacking in your diet, you may be missing out on a lot of health benefits.

BENEFITS OF FRUIT

1. Rich in Polyphenols
Polyphenols are plant compounds that are most concentrated in the outer parts of plants. These chemical compounds have been studied in relation to their potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities. Each type of polyphenol has different health benefits. Therefore, it is important to consume a variety of unpeeled fruit (unless it’s a melon or banana of course). Polyphenols have been shown to help:

  • Reduce inflammation
  • Prevent cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders
  • Fight infections
  • Promote the growth of good gut bacteria.

2. Rich in Soluble Fibers and Prebiotics
Soluble fibers and prebiotic fibers help support the growth of good gut bacteria. When these fibers reach the large intestine, they are fermented by bacteria and produce short-chain fatty acids which help fuel colon cells and prevent colon cancer.

  • Apples, oranges, and bananas are rich in soluble fiber.

3. Rich in Vitamin C
Vitamin C is a nutrient that is very sensitive to heat, light, and air. Therefore, whole fruit becomes an excellent source of vitamin C. It is suggested that the current RDA for vitamin C is too low (75-90mg) and that we should be shooting for at least twice as much from whole foods. Especially if you are under a lot of stress, exercise a lot, or have an inflammatory condition, getting plenty of vitamin C is essential.

  • Excellent sources of vitamin C: kiwis, oranges, papayas, strawberries, and pineapples.

4. Easily Digestible Whole Food Carbohydrates for Active People
If you are on the go and active, especially in the summer months, fruit can be a great way to fuel your activity. Generally, your carbohydrate intake increases with activity. If you are unsure what to pack to fuel a mountain bike ride, trail run, or hike, pack some fruit! It comes in its own protective barrier and is easy to eat.

  • Easy fruit to pack: apple, banana, orange, and grapefruit.

5. Helps Digest Protein
Some fruits contain unique enzymes that aid in digesting proteins and help reduce inflammation, support wound healing, and relieve constipation. You can even buy digestive enzymes in supplement stores made with fruit enzymes.

  • Protein digesting fruits: papaya, pineapple, and kiwi.

SOME CONSIDERATIONS

Daily fruit consumption depends on the individual. Some can tolerate more than others due to activity levels and certain health conditions. For example, individuals with a fructose intolerance or severe gut imbalances may not do well with apples, pears, cherries, figs, and mangos. On the other hand, those with metabolic disorders like diabetes and PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) may have to stick to lower-sugar fruit, like kiwi and berries, or pair fruit with protein for better blood-sugar balance. If you have any of these issues it may be best to work with a dietitian to help you find out what fruit and what portion is right for you.

TAKEWAY

Don’t fear fruit! If you are a healthy individual, eating seasonal organic fruit to your liking can provide many health benefits and should not be avoided. I generally recommend 2 servings of fruit per day and adjust the types of fruit based on the individual needs of the patient.

A Recipe Suggestion

bowl of fruit salad

See Selva’s recipe for GLOW Fruit Salad that meets 100% of RDA of vitamin C. 

Photo by Selva Wohlgemuth

Ask the Nutritionist

Have questions? Send them to contact@happybellynutritionist.com. Selva Wohlgemuth is a registered dietitian nutritionist. Learn more about her approach to general health and well-being at her Happy Belly Nutrition website, and see her recipes and other kitchen tips at Poppies and Papayas.

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